Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (
TAM-il-NAH-doo;
Tamil pronunciation (help·info)); literally
The Land of Tamils or
Tamil Country is one of the 29 states of
India. Its capital and largest city is
Chennai (formerly known as
Madras). Tamil Nadu
[7] lies in the southernmost part of the
Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the
union territory of
Puducherry and the
south indian states of
Kerala,
Karnataka, and
Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the
Eastern Ghats on the north, by the
Nilgiri, the
Anamalai Hills, and
Kerala on the west, by the
Bay of Bengal in the east, by the
Gulf of Mannar and the
Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the
Indian Ocean on the south. It also shares a maritime border with the nation of
Sri Lanka.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the
sixth most populous state in India. The state was ranked sixth among
states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011.
[3] Tamil Nadu is the
second largest state economy in India with
₹4789 billion (US$72 billion) in gross domestic product. The state has the highest number (10.56 per cent) of business enterprises and stands second in total
employment (9.97 per cent) in India,
compared to the population share of about 6 per cent. Tamil Nadu was
ranked as the third most developed state in India based on a
"Multidimensional Development Index" in a 2013 report published by a
panel headed by current
RBI governor
Raghuram Rajan.
[11] Its official language is
Tamil, which is one of the longest surviving
classical languages in the world.
[12]
Tamil Nadu is home to many
natural resources,
classical arts,
classical music,
classical literature,
Hindu temples of
Dravidian architecture,
hill stations,
beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight
UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
History
Prehistory
Archaeological evidence . Archeologists from the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice, charred rice and
celts of the
Neolithic period, 3,800 years ago. The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is "very rudimentary"
Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.
About 60 per cent of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by the
ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and most of these are in the
Tamil language.
Virumandi Andithevar, of the Piramalai Kallar community from the Tamil
Nadu region of southern India, was identified by the Genographic Project
as one of the direct descendants of the first modern human settlers in
India. His Y belongs to Haplogroup C and he carries the M130 marker
which defines the first migrants to South East Asia and Australia from
the African coast 60,000 years ago; more than half of Australian
Aborigines also carry the M130 gene.
[19] Mythical traditions dictate that
Lord Shiva himself taught sage
Agastya this language.
[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Sage
Agastya
is considered to be the father of Tamil literature and compiled the
first Tamil grammar called Agathiyam, but the scripts of Agathiyam no
longer exist.
[28]
Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BC
Neolithic people of the Tamil country spoke a Dravidian language.The
discovery of a Neolithic stone celt, a hand-held axe, with the Indus
script on it at Sembian-Kandiyur in Tamil Nadu is, according to
Iravatham Mahadevan,
"Stone axe with Indus Valley script found near Mayiladuthurai,Tamil
Nadu was a major discovery because for the first time a text in the
Indus script has been found in the State on a datable artefact, which is
a polished neolithic celt. He estimated the date of the artefact with
the script to be around 1500 BC.
[29]
Sangam Period (300 BC – AD 300)
The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as
Sangam literature.
Numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the
Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD 300.
Three dynasties, namely the
Chera,
Chola and
Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu and
Kerala. The
Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising
Coimbatore,
Dharmapuri,
Karur,
Salem and
Erode districts from the capital of
Vanchi Muthur (thought to be modern day
Karur). The
Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital,
Uraiyur; and the Pandya dynasty ruled southern Tamil Nadu, from capitals at
Korkai and
Madurai.
All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome,
Greece,
Egypt,
Ceylon,
Phoenicia,
Arabia,
Mesopotamia and
Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads and gems. Chera traded extensively from
Muziris on the west coast, Chola from
Arikamedu and
Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. AD 60 – 100) gives a description of the Tamil country and its ports.
Besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era
Tamilakam
(Tamil homeland) was also divided into various provinces named 'nadu',
meaning 'country'. Sangam literature refers these provinces as
"koduntamil mandalam" which were not exactly political or socio-cultural
units but linguistic agglomerations like
Kongu Nadu,
Puzhinadu,
Thondai Nadu,
Nanjilnadu,
Ay Nadu and
Venadu.
Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the three Tamil kingdoms were overwhelmed by the
Kalabhras. The period of their rule is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Age" in
Tamil history and little is known about it. The Kalabhras were expelled by the
Pallavas,
Mutharaiyar,
Badami Chalukyas and
Pandyas in the 6th century.
-
Sarcophagus burial from a Megalithic tomb in Tamil Nadu.
-
Virampatnam jewelry from funerary burial chamber, 2nd century BC, Tamil Nadu.
-
Souttoukeny jewelry, 2nd century B.C. Tamil Nadu.
-
Map of ancient oceanic trade, and ports of Tamilakam.
Bhakti Movement
The Bhakti movement originated in Tamil Speaking region of south India and spread northwards through India. The
Bhakti Movement was a rapid growth of
bhakti beginning in this region with the
Saiva Nayanars (4th-10th centuries)
[30] and the
Vaisnava Alvars who spread
bhakti poetry and devotion .
[30][31] The
Alwars and
Nayanmars were instrumental in propagating the
Bhakti tradition.
Medieval Period (600–1300)
During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the
Pallava dynasty under
Mahendravarman I and his son
Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas ruled parts of
South India with
Kanchipuram as their capital.
Dravidian architecture reached its peak during Pallava rule.
Narasimhavarman II built the
Shore Temple which is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Much later, the
Pallavas were replaced by the
Chola dynasty as the dominant kingdom in the 9th century and they in turn were replaced by the
Pandyan Dynasty in the 13th century. The Pandyan capital
Madurai was in the deep south away from the coast. They had extensive trade links with the south east Asian maritime empires of
Srivijaya and their successors, as well as contacts, even formal diplomatic contacts, reaching as far as the
Roman Empire. During the 13th century,
Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the
richest empire in existence. Temples such as the
Meenakshi Amman Temple at
Madurai and
Nellaiappar Temple at
Tirunelveli are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture.
The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the
pearl fisheries along the south coast of India, between Sri Lanka and
India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient
world.
Chola Empire
Main article:
Chola dynasty
During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by
Vijayalaya Chola, who established
Thanjavur as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from
Mutharaiyar and the Pandya king
Varagunavarman II.
Aditya I and his son
Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king,
Aparajitavarman.
Parantaka Chola II expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great
Rajaraja Chola and his son
Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose to a notable power in south east Asia. Now the
Chola Empire stretched as far as
Bengal and
Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km
2 (1,400,000 sq mi). Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular
south India and parts of
Sri Lanka.
Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now
Myanmar) to
Vietnam, the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Sumatra,
Java,
Malaya,
Philippines[38] in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated
Mahipala, the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it
Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king
Vijayalaya Chola.
These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas.
His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam
regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of
the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also
renovated temples and buildings of the
Pallavas, acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated
Nataraja temple at
Chidambaram and the
Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at
Srirangam held special significance for the
Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities.
Rajaraja Chola I and his son
Rajendra Chola built temples such as the
Brihadeshvara Temple of
Thanjavur and
Brihadeshvara Temple of
Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the
Airavatesvara Temple of
Darasuram and the
Sarabeswara (Shiva) Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at
Thirubhuvanam, the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The first three of the above four temples are titled
Great Living Chola Temples among the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Architecture from Chola period From left to right:
Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram;
Natarajan, Shiva as celestial dancer; and Parvathi, the consort of Shiva
The Chola period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes
all over the world. Among the existing specimens in museums around the
world and in the temples of southern India the fine figures of Siva in
various forms,
Vishnu and his consort
Lakshmi,
and the Siva saints are the examples of Chola bronze. Though conforming
generally to the iconographic conventions established by long
tradition, the sculptors worked with great freedom in the 11th and the
12th centuries to achieve a classic grace and grandeur. The best example
of this can be seen in the form of
Nataraja the Divine Dancer .
Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1336–1646)
The Muslim invasions of southern India triggered the establishment of the
Hindu Vijayanagara Empire with
Vijayanagara
in modern Karnataka as its capital. The Vijayanagara empire eventually
conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 and ruled for almost two
centuries until its defeat in the
Battle of Talikota in 1565 by a confederacy of
Deccan sultanates. Subsequently, as the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after the mid-16th century, many local rulers, called
Nayaks,
succeeded in gaining the trappings of independence. This eventually
resulted in the further weakening of the empire; many Nayaks declared
themselves independent, among whom the
Nayaks of Madurai
and Tanjore were the first to declare their independence, despite
initially maintaining loose links with the Vijayanagara kingdom. The Nayaks of Madurai and
Nayaks of Thanjavur
were the most prominent of Nayaks in the 17th century. They
reconstructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the
Meenakshi Temple.
Power Struggles of the 18th century (1692–1801)
By the early 18th century, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a
major change-over and was under the control of many minor rulers
aspiring to be independent. Fall of Vijayanagara empire and Chandragiri
Nayakas led to the appointment of
Nawab of the Carnatic for taxation of the northern parts seated at
Arcot. Fall of
Thanjavur Nayaks led to a short lived
Thanjavur Maratha kingdom in the central parts. Fall of
Madurai Nayaks
brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small
parcels of land called Palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were
known as
Palaiyakkarar (or 'polygar' as called by British) and were ruling under Nawabs of Carnatic.
Europeans started to establish trade centers during the 17th century
in the eastern coastal regions. Around 1609, the Dutch established a
settlement in
Pulicat,
[39] while the Danes had their establishment in
Tharangambadi also known as Tranquebar.
[40] In 1639, the British, under the East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present-day
Chennai. British constructed
Fort St. George[41] and established a trading post at Madras.
[42] By 1693, the French established in trading posts at
Pondichéry.
The British and French were competing to expand the trade in the
northern parts of Tamil Nadu which also witnessed many battles like
Battle of Wandiwash as part of
Seven Years' War.
[43]
British reduced the French dominions in India to Puducherry. Nawabs of
the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India
Company for defeating the
Kingdom of Mysore.
Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the
East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern
parts. In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur
Maratha, Carnatic and the British by which Thanjavur became a vassal of
the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to British.
In the south, Nawabs granted taxation rights to the British which led
to conflicts between British and the Palaiyakkarar, which resulted in
series of wars called
Polygar war to establish independent states by the aspiring Palaiyakkarar.
Puli Thevar was one of the earliest opponents of the British rule in South India.
[44] Thevar's prominent exploits were his confrontations with
Marudhanayagam, who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s.
Rani Velu Nachiyar, was the first woman freedom fighter of India and Queen of Sivagangai.
[45] She was drawn to war after her husband Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar (1750–1772), King of
Sivaganga was murdered at
Kalayar Kovil temple by British. Before her death, Queen Velu Nachi granted powers to
Maruthu brothers to rule Sivaganga.
[46] Kattabomman (1760–1799), Palaiyakkara chief of Panchalakurichi who fought the British in the First
Polygar War.
[47]
He was captured by the British at the end of the war and hanged near
Kayattar in 1799. Bagathur Vella Thevar was captain of the
Panchalakurichi, he was fought against British rule.
Veeran Sundaralingam
(1700–1800) was the General of Kattabomman Nayakan's palayam, who died
in the process of blowing up a British ammunition dump 1799 which killed
more than 150 British soldiers to save Kattapomman Palace.
Oomaithurai, younger brother of Kattabomman, took asylum under the
Maruthu brothers, Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and raised army
[48]. They formed a coalition with
Dheeran Chinnamalai and Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja which fought the British in Second Polygar Wars.
Dheeran Chinnamalai
(1756–1805), Polygar chieftain of Kongu and feudatory of Tipu Sultan
who fought the British in the Second Polygar War. After winning the
Polygar wars in 1801, the East India Company consolidated most of
southern India into the
Madras Presidency.
During British rule (1801–1947)
At the beginning of the 19th century, the British firmly established the governance over the entire Tamil Nadu. The
Vellore Mutiny
on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large-scale and violent
mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company,
predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century.
[49] The revolt, which took place in
Vellore,
was brief, lasting only one full day, but brutal as mutineers broke
into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops, before
they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot,.
[50][51]
The British crown took over the control governance from the Company and
the reminder of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance
until the beginning of 20th century Indian Independence movements.
During the period of governor
George Harris
Harris (1854–1859), measures were taken to improve education and
increase representation of Indians in the administration. Legislative
powers were given to the Governor's council under the Indian Councils
Act 1861 and 1909
Minto-Morley Reforms eventually led to the establishment of the
Madras Legislative Council. Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the
Ryotwari system resulted in two severe famine in the Madras Presidency, the
Great Famine of 1876–78 and the
Indian famine of 1896–97. The famine led to migration of people as bonded labours for British to various countries which eventually formed the present
Tamil Diaspora.
India (1947–present)
When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became
Madras State,
comprising present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam
district in Orissa, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of
Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In
1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".
[52]
Geography
Topographic map of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km
2 (50,216 sq mi), and is the eleventh largest state in India. The bordering states are
Kerala to the west,
Karnataka to the north west and
Andhra Pradesh to the north. To the east is the
Bay of Bengal and the state encircles the union territory of
Puducherry. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is
Kanyakumari which is the meeting point of the
Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean.
The western, southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The
Western Ghats and the
Eastern Ghats meet at the
Nilgiri hills.
The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala,
effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the south west
monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal
plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central
and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall
than the other regions.
Tamil Nadu has a
coastline of about 910 km (570 mi) which is the country's third longest coastline. Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004
Indian Ocean Tsunami
when it hit India, which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state. Tamil
Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception
of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone;
as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls
in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of this region have
experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.
Flora and fauna
There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil
Nadu. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including
elephants,
tigers,
leopards,
wild dogs,
sloth bears,
gaurs,
lion-tailed macaques,
Nilgiri langurs,
Nilgiri tahrs,
grizzled giant squirrels and
sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as
cormorants,
darters,
herons,
egrets,
open-billed storks,
spoonbills and
white ibises,
little grebes,
Indian moorhen,
black-winged stilts, a few migratory
ducks and occasionally
grey pelicans, marine species such as the
dugongs, turtles, dolphins,
Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects.
Indian
Angiosperm
diversity comprises 17,672 species with Tamil Nadu leading all states
in the country, with 5640 species accounting for 1/3 of the total flora
of India. This includes 1559 species of
medicinal plants, 533
endemic species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230
red-listed species. The
Gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. The
Pteridophytes diversity of India includes 1022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers of
bryophytes,
lichen, fungi,
algae and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity of Tamil Nadu.
Common plant species include the state tree:
palmyra palm,
eucalyptus, rubber,
cinchona, clumping bamboos (
Bambusa arundinacea),
common teak,
Anogeissus latifolia,
Indian laurel,
grewia, and blooming trees like
Indian labumusum,
ardisia, and
solanaceae. Rare and unique plant life includes
Combretum ovalifolium,
ebony (
Diospyros nilagrica),
Habenaria rariflora (orchid),
Alsophila,
Impatiens elegans,
Ranunculus reniformis, and
royal fern.
National and state parks
Tamil Nadu has a wide range of
Biomes extending east from the
South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the
Western Ghats through the
South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and
Deccan thorn scrub forests to
tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches,
estuaries,
salt marshes,
mangroves, and
coral reefs of the
Bay of Bengal. The state has a range of flora and fauna with many species and habitats. To protect this diversity of wildlife there are
Protected areas of Tamil Nadu as well as
biospheres which protect larger areas of natural habitat often include one or more National Parks. The
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed and sea grass
communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests. The
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located in the
Western Ghats and
Nilgiri Hills comprises part of adjoining states of Kerala and Karnataka. The
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
is in the south west of the state bordering Kerala in the Western
Ghats. Tamil Nadu is home to five declared National parks located in
Anamalai,
Mudumalai,
Mukurithi,
Gulf of Mannar and
Guindy located in the centre of
Chennai city.
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve,
Mukurthi National Park and
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the tiger reserves in the state.
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
has the largest elephant population in India. Besides these bio
reserves, there are many state and central run wild life sanctuaries for
tiger, elephant and birds.
Climate
Tamil Nadu is mostly dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone
to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges
from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has two distinct periods of
rainfall:
The annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in) of which
48 per cent is through the north east monsoon, and 32 per cent through
the south west monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains
for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water
scarcity and severe drought.
Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: north east, north
west, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and
Kaveri
Delta (the most fertile agricultural zone). The table below shows the
maximum and minimum temperatures that the state experiences in the
plains and
hills.
Governance and administration
The Governor is the constitutional head of the state while the
Chief Minister is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The
Chief Justice of the
Madras High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and the Chief Justice are
Konijeti Rosaiah,
J.Jayalalithaa and Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul
[56] respectively. Administratively the state is divided into 32 districts.
Chennai
(formerly known as Madras) is the state capital. It is the fourth
largest urban agglomeration in India and is also one of the major
Metropolitan cities of India. The state comprises 39
Lok Sabha constituencies and 234 Legislative Assembly constituencies.
Tamil Nadu had a
bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a
unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by
J. Jayalalithaa of the
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The
Tamil Nadu legislative assembly is housed at the
Fort St. George in Chennai. The state had come under the
President's rule
rule on four occasions – first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short
period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991.
Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of
E-Governance
initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land
ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state
government like
Urban Local Bodies –
all the corporations and municipal office activities – revenue
collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been
computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has
been maintained largely successfully. The
Tamil Nadu Police
Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth largest state police force
in India (as of 2015, total police force of TN is 1,11,448) and has the
highest proportion of women police personnel in the country (total
women police personnel of TN is 13,842 which is about 12.42%) to
specifically handled
violence against women in Tamil Nadu.
[58] In 2003, the state had a total police population ratio of 1:668, higher than the national average of 1:717.
Administrative subdivisions
Districts of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is subdivided into 32
districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by a
District Collector who is mostly an
Indian Administrative Service (IAS) member, appointed by State Government. Districts are further divided into 226
Taluks administrated by
Tahsildars comprising 1127
Revenue Blocks. A District has also one or more Revenue Divisions (in total 76) constituted by many Revenue Blocks. 16,564 Revenue villages (
Village Panchayat)
are the primary grassroots level administrative units which in turn
might include many villages and administered by a Village Administrative
Officer (VAO), many of which form a Revenue Block. Cities and towns are
administered by
Municipal corporations and
Municipalities respectively. The urban bodies include 12
city corporations, 125
municipalities and 529 town panchayats.
[60][61][62] The rural bodies include 31 district panchayats, 385 panchayat unions and 12,524 village panchayats.
[63][64][65]
Politics
Fort St. George hosts the Chief Secretariat of the government of Tamil Nadu
Pre-Independence
Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the
Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the
Indian National Congress (INC).
Regional parties
have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional
parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a forerunner to
Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ,
Justice Party, by it opponents. Later,
South Indian Liberal Federation
was adopted as its official name. The reason for victory of the Justice
Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding
complete independence of India.
The Justice Party which was under E.V.Ramaswamy was renamed
Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called
Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders EVR and
C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956.
Post-Independence
Re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic
basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for
separation from the Indian Union. The
Anti-Hindi agitations
in the mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and a more powerful
political force in the state. The DMK routed the INC in the 1967
elections and took control of the state government, ending INC's
stronghold in Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's first
Chief Minister.
M Karunanidhi took over as Chief Minister and party leader after Annadurai's death in 1969. Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by
MG Ramachandran,
popularly known as MGR. In 1972, he split from DMK and formed the Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) and later renamed the party as All
India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam. He was the Chief Minister of the
state from 1977 until his death in 1987. After the death of MGR, AIADMK
was defeated in 1989 assembly polls because of the split of the party
into two factions headed by Janaki (wife of MGR) and Jayalalithaa. Later
on
J. Jayalalithaa
took control of the party. She was elected as the General Secretary of
the unified AIADMK. There have been several splits in both the DMK and
the AIADMK, but since 1967 one of those two parties has held power in
the state.
Demographics
| Historical population |
| Year |
Pop. |
±% |
| 1951 |
30,119,000 |
— |
| 1961 |
33,687,000 |
+11.8% |
| 1971 |
41,199,000 |
+22.3% |
| 1981 |
48,408,000 |
+17.5% |
| 1991 |
55,859,000 |
+15.4% |
| 2001 |
62,406,000 |
+11.7% |
| 2011 |
72,138,958 |
+15.6% |
| Source:Census of India |
Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India. 48.4 per cent
of the state's population live in urban areas, the highest among large
states in India. The state has registered the lowest
fertility rate in India in year 2005–06 with 1.7 children born for each woman, lower than required for population sustainability.
At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030. The sex ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a total of 23,166,721 households.
The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832. A total of
14,438,445 people constituting 20.01 per cent of the total population
belonged to
Scheduled Castes (SC) and 794,697 people constituting 1.10 per cent of the population belonged to
Scheduled tribes (ST).
[72]
The state has 51,837,507 literates, making the literacy rate 80.33
per cent. There are a total of 27,878,282 workers, comprising 4,738,819
cultivators, 6,062,786 agricultural labourers, 1,261,059 in house hold
industries, 11,695,119 other workers, 4,120,499 marginal workers,
377,220 marginal cultivators, 2,574,844 marginal agricultural labourers,
238,702 marginal workers in household industries and 929,733 other
marginal workers.
Among the cities in 2011, the state capital, Chennai, was the
most populous city in the state, followed by
Coimbatore,
Madurai,
Trichy and
Salem respectively.
India has a human development index calculated as 0.619, while the
corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, placing it among the top
states in the country. The
life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years. However, it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural areas. In 2004–2005, the poverty line was set at
₹ 351.86/month for rural areas and
₹ 547.42/month for urban areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7 per cent in 1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001
For the period 2004–2005, the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the
state was 22.5 per cent compared with the national figure of 27.5 per
cent. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing
poverty, High drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue
to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems
include class, gender, inter-district and urban-rural disparities. Based
on URP – Consumption for the period 2004–2005, percentage of the
state's population
Below Poverty Line was 27.5 per cent. The
Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a
Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of
Ghana among the developing countries.
Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency
International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of
India.
Religion
About 86 per cent of the population in Tamil Nadu are Hindus and the
state is home to the core schools of medieval and modern Hinduism as
well as several non-mainstream Hindu movements. These include
Nayanmars Saivism,
Saiva Siddhanta,
Alvar Vaishnavism,
Sri Vaishnavism and
Ayya-Vazhi. In modern times, well known figures for Hinduism in the state include
Ramana Maharishi and the Kanchi
Sankaracharya. All Hindu deities in various forms and a large number of
village deities are worshiped by Hindus in Tamil Nadu.
Murugan is considered to be the Tamil God. Tamil Nadu dominates the list of
largest Hindu Temples in the world which include the
Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple,
Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple,
Ekambareswarar Temple at
Kanchipuram,
Chidambaram Nataraja Temple,
Tiruvannamalai Arunachaleswar Temple Brihadeeswarar Temple at
Tanjore among others. The emblem of
Government of Tamil Nadu depicts the Gopuram (gateway tower) of the
Andal Temple at
Srivilliputhur.
Christians and
Muslims
together form close to 11 per cent of the population. Christians are
mainly concentrated in the southern districts of Kanyakumari (54 per
cent of the population in 2001), Thoothukudi (17 per cent in 2001) and
Tirunelveli (11 per cent in 2001).
St. Thomas Mount in Chennai, the place where
St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus, was believed to have been martyred, is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians. The
Santhome Basilica, built atop the site widely believed by Christians to have been the tomb of St. Thomas, and the
Vailankanni Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health are churches revered by Christians in India. The
Church of South India and the Pentecostal Mission Church are headquartered in Chennai.
Muslims constitute close to 6% of the total population of Tamil Nadu and they are mainly concentrated in following Districts.
Ramanathapuram, Tanjavur,
Nagappattinam,
Vellore,
Tuticorin,
Madurai and
Tirunelveli. Among Muslims, 97.5 per cent are Sunni and the rest are
Shias. The
Sunnis adhere to either
Hanafi or
Shafi schools of thought.
Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district and Nagore in Nagapattinam district are important pilgrimage sites for Muslims.
Kazimar Big Mosque in
Kazimar Street,
Madurai and Karpudaiyar masjid in Kayalpatnam are among the earlier mosques in Tamil Nadu.
Samanars or
Tamil Jains
have a legacy dating back to 250 BC. They made significant
contributions to Tamil literature. According to the 2001 census there
were 83,359
Jains in Tamil Nadu.
Jains
make up 0.13 per cent of the population. Scheduled castes and Scheduled
tribes comprise 19 per cent and 1 per cent of the population
respectively. Though an overwhelming percentage of SC/ST population
identify themselves as Hindu, the SC/STs are enumerated separately in
the census and not as a subgroup of Hinduism. An anti-conversion law came into force in 2002. However, the law was repealed in June 2004 after the defeat of the
Bharatiya Janata Party led coalition in the 2004 elections.
[83]
Tamil Brahmi inscription
Language
Main article:
Tamil language
Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu. English is also in common usage as an
official language of India. When India adopted national standards, Tamil was the first language to be recognized as a
classical language of India. As of 2001 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 89.43 per cent of the population followed by
Telugu by 5.65 per cent,
Kannada by 2.68 per cent,
Urdu by 1.51 per cent and
Malayalam by 0.89 per cent.
District level literacy (2011 data)
Education
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India. Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of
literacy growth
during the decade 2001–2011. A survey conducted by the Industry body
Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100 per
cent Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in primary and upper primary education.
One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state
is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4 per
cent is significant. The analysis of primary school education in the state by
Pratham shows a low drop-off rate but poor quality of state education compared to other states. Tamil Nadu has
37 universities, 552 engineering colleges,
List of engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu[88] 449 Polytechnic Colleges
and 566 arts and science colleges, 34335 elementary schools, 5167 high
schools, 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals. Some of the
notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University,
Chennai,
College of Engineering, Guindy,
Madras Medical College and
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational
institutions for socially backward section of the society, the highest
among all Indian states. The
Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu, initiated by
Kamaraj, was expanded considerably by
M G Ramachandran in 1983.
Culture
Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable culture.
[91]
Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, music and
dance which continue to flourish today. Tamil Nadu is a land most known
for its monumental ancient Hindu temples and classical form of dance
Bharata Natyam.
[92] Unique cultural features like
Bharatanatyam[93] (dance),
Tanjore painting,
[94] and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu.
[95]
Literature
Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not
becoming more common until later periods. Throughout its history, Tamil
literature has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain.
Notable examples of Tamil poetry include the
Tirukkural, written during the
Tamil Sangams period. The poem encompasses a universal outlook, as the author,
Tiruvalluvar,
does not mention his religion, land, or the audience for his work. He
is often portrayed as a holy saint of Tamil Nadu today. Ancient Tamil
literature is predominantly secular and deals with everyday life in the
Tamil Context.The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in
paripaatal. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.
கேடில் விழுச்செல்வம் கல்வி யொருவற்கு
மாடல்ல மற்றை யவை
(திருக்குறள் – 400)
Learning is a wealth that none could destroy
Nothing else gives genuine joy
(Tirukkural: 400)
ஐம்பெரும்காப்பியங்கள்
சிலப்பதிகாரம் – இளங்கோவடிகள் ; மணிமேகலை - சீத்தலைச் சாத்தனார்; சீவக
சிந்தாமணி- திருத்தக்க தேவர் வளையாபதி-Not Known ; குண்டலகேசி-
Nathakuthanaar; English : Cilappatikāram, Manimekalai, Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi,
Valayapathi and Kuṇṭalakēci
The first Tamil printing press was established at Tarangambadi by the Danish missionaries. During the
Indian freedom struggle,
many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social
equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably
Subramanya Bharathy and
Bharathidasan.
Festivals and traditions
Overflowing during cooking of Pongal indicates overflowing of joy and prosperity.
Kolam – a Traditional art form of the
Tamil people
Pongal, also called as
Tamizhar Thirunaal (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day
harvest festival is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu.
[97] The Tamil language saying
Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum –
literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new
opportunities – is often quoted with reference to this festival. The
first day, Bhogi Pongal, is celebrated by throwing away and destroying
old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the
old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal, is the main
day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month Thai (14
January or 15 January in western calendar). The third day, Maattu
Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and
are used to plough the lands.
Jallikattu, a bull taming contest, marks the main event of this day.
Alanganallur is famous for its Jallikattu
[98][99]
contest usually held on 3rd day of Pongal. During this final day,
Kaanum Pongal – the word "kaanum", means 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the
Madras High Court
Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam
villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a
petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight. The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chittirai and the first day of this month in mid-April is celebrated as
Tamil New Year.
The Thiruvalluvar calendar is 31 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar,
i.e. Gregorian 2000 is Thiruvalluvar 2031. Aadi Perukku is celebrated
on the 18th day of the Tamil month
Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river
Kaveri.
Apart from the major festivals, in every village and town of Tamil
Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year
and the time varies from place to place. Most of these festivals are
related to the goddess
Maariyamman,
the mother goddess of rain. Other major Hindu festivals including
Deepavali (Death of Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (
Dasara),
Krishna Jayanthi and
Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated.
Eid ul-Fitr,
Bakrid,
Milad un Nabi,
Muharram
are celebrated by Muslims whereas Christmas, Good Friday, Easter are
celebrated by Christians in the state. Mahamagam a bathing festival at
Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is celebrated once in 12 years. People from all
the corners of the country come to Kumbakonam for the festival. This
festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.
[101][102]
Music
The kings of ancient Thamizhagam created sangams for Iyal Isai
Nadagam (Literature, Music and Drama). Music played a major role in
sangams. Music in Tamil Nadu had different forms. In villages where
farming was the primary occupation, women who worked in the fields used
to sing kulavai songs. Odhuvars, Sthanikars or Kattalaiyars offer short
musical programmes in the temples by singing the devotional
Thevaram songs. In sharp contrast with the restrained and intellectual nature of
Carnatic music, Tamil folk music tends to be much more exuberant. Popular forms of Tamil folk music include the
Villuppāṭṭu, a form of music performed with a bow,the urumee mellam or Naiyandi mellam which incorporates the use of the
urumee and the
Nāṭṭuppur̲appāṭṭu,
ballads that convey folklore and folk history.
Carnatic music is the classical music form of southern India. This is
one of the world's oldest & richest musical traditions. The Trinity
of Carnatic music
Tyagaraja,
Muthuswami Dikshitar and
Syama Sastri were from Tamil Nadu. Thyagarajar
Aaradhanai (worship) takes place every year in the month of Marghazhi in
Thiruvaiyaru all carnatic musicians render their obesiance to Saint Thyagarajar by singing his compositions. The composers belonging to the
Tamil Trinity, namely
Muthu Thandavar (?1560 – ?1640),
Arunachala Kavi (1712–1779) and
Marimutthu Pillai
(1717–1787) composed hundreds of devotional songs in Tamil and helped
in the evolution of Carnatic music. Chennai hosts a large cultural
event, the annual
Madras Music Season during December–January, which includes performances by hundreds of artists all over the city.
In terms of modern cine-music,
Ilaiyaraaja
was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late
1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced
broader western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical
mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar Winner
A.R. Rahman who has composed film music in
Tamil,
Telugu,
Hindi films, English and Chinese films, was once referred to by
Time magazine as "The
Mozart of
Madras".
Arts and dance
Tamils
have a large number of folk dances. These are performed for every
possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a
child, weddings and festivals. Tamil dance is closely intertwined with
the Tamil theatrical tradition.
The most celebrated of these dances is the
karakattam. In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess
Mariamman.
The dancer bears on his or her head a brass pot filled with uncooked
rice, decorated with flowers and surrounded by a bamboo frame, and
tumbles and leaps to the rhythm of a song without spilling a grain.
Karakattam is usually performed to a special type of song known as
temmanguppāṭṭu a
folk song in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved, to the accompaniment of a
nadaswaram and
melam.
Other Tamil folk dances include
mayilāṭṭam, where the dancers tie a string of peacock feathers around their waist;
ōyilāttam,
danced in a circle while waving small pieces of cloth of various
colours; poikkal kuthiraiyaaṭṭam, where the dancers use dummy horses;
manattam, where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping of deer;
paraiyāṭṭam, a dance to the sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and
thīppandāṭṭam, a dance involving playing with burning wooden torches.
Bharatanatyam
is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Prior to the
colonial period, it used to be performed in Hindu temples by
Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called
sadir or
chinna melam.
Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata
Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a traditional dance-form known
for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses. It continues
to be a popular dance style at present times and is practised by male
and female dancers all over India.
Terukkuttu or
Kattaikkuttu is a traditional form of
Tamil street theatre folk dance/drama.
Film industry
Main article:
Tamil cinema
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry also known as
"Kollywood", which released the most number of films in India in 2013.
[106] The term
Kollywood is a
portmanteau of
Kodambakkam and
Hollywood.
[107] Tamil cinema is one of the largest centres of film production in
India.
[108] In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. Single screen theaters may charge a maximum of
₹50, while theaters with more than three screens may charge a maximum of
₹120 per ticket.
[109] The first silent film in Tamil
Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916.
[110] The first talkie was a multi-lingual,
Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture
Alam Ara[111] Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of
South India in
Coimbatore,
introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a
stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films.
The first of its kind was established in
Madras,
called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that
electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.
[112]
Television industry
There are more than 30 television channels of various genre in
Tamil.
DD Podhigai,
Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on April 14, 1993.
[113] The first private Tamil channel,
Sun TV was founded in 1993 by
Kalanidhi Maran.
In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and
majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with
political links.
[114] The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost
₹3.6 billion (US$54 million) of which has led to high penetration of TV services.
[115][116] Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator
Arasu Cable.
[117] From the early 2010s,
Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.
[118] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one
director unlike American television series, where often several
directors and
writers work together.
Veg Meals in Tamil Nadu traditionally served in banana leaf
Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf
Cuisine
Main article:
Tamil cuisine
Tamil cuisine is typical of south Indian cuisine, in that rice and rice-derived dishes form the major portion of a diet (see
rice and curry). There are regional sub-varieties namely
Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Madurai, Tirunelveli varieties etc. Traditionally, food is served on a
banana leaf instead of a
plate and eaten with the right hand.
Rice is the staple food of Tamils and is typically eaten mixed with
sambhar (with or without
ghee), vegetarian or non-vegetarian kulambu,
rasam,
curd and
buttermilk. This is accompanied with various vegetarian and/or non-vegetarian dishes like
kootu,
aviyal, poriyal,
appalam, varuval, peratal, kothsu, varieties of
pickles and chicken, mutton, or fish fry.
Breakfast and snack items include
dosai,
adai,
idly,
vadai,
pongal,
aappam,
paniyaram,
puttu,
uppuma,
santhakai,
idiyappam and
uthappam. These items are eaten along with
sambar, varieties of
chatni or podi (spice powder). Traditionally prepared filter
coffee is unique in taste and popular all over the state. The
Chettinad region is famous for its spicy non-vegetarian cuisine, while
Ambur and
Dindigul are known for their
Biriyani. Sweet items that are native to Tamil Nadu are
athirasam,
Chakkarai Pongal and Kuli Paniyaram.
Salem is renowned for its unique
mangoes,
Madurai is the place of origin of milk dessert
Jigarthanda while
Palani is known for its Panchamirtham.
[120]
Economy
Tamil Nadu - India's Economic Powerhouse
Tamil Nadu Statistics
Tamil Nadu's Contribution to India's Industrial Output
Tamil Nadu is the second largest contributor to India's GDP. For the year 2014-15 Tamil Nadu's
GSDP was
₹9767 billion (US$150 billion), and growth was 14.86. It ranks third in
foreign direct investment (FDI) approvals (cumulative 1991–2002) of
₹
225,826 million ($5,000 million), next only to Maharashtra and Delhi
constituting 9.12 per cent of the total FDI in the country. The per capita income in 2007–2008 for the state was
₹ 72,993 ranking third among states with a population over 10 million and has steadily been above the national average.
Gross State Domestic Product in ₹ Crores at Constant Prices
| Year |
GSDP |
Growth Rate |
Share in India |
| 2000–01 |
142,065 |
5.87% |
7.62% |
| 2001–02 |
139,842 |
−1.56% |
7.09% |
| 2002–03 |
142,295 |
1.75% |
6.95% |
| 2003–04 |
150,815 |
5.99% |
6.79% |
| 2004–05 |
219,003 |
11.45% |
7.37% |
| 2005–06 |
249,567 |
13.96% |
7.67% |
| 2006–07 |
287,530 |
15.21% |
8.07% |
| 2007–08 |
305,157 |
6.13% |
7.83% |
| 2008–09 |
321,793 |
5.45% |
7.74% |
| 2009–10 |
356,632 |
10.83% |
7.89% |
| 2010–11 |
403,416 |
13.12% |
8.20% |
| 2011–12 |
433,238 |
7.39% |
8.26% |
| 2012–13 |
447,944 |
3.39% |
8.17% |
| 2013–14 |
480,618 |
7.29% |
8.37% |
According to the 2011 Census, Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state
in India (49 per cent), accounting for 9.6 per cent of the urban
population while only comprising 6 per cent of India's total population, and is the most urbanised state in India.
Services contributes to 45 per cent of the economic activity in the
state, followed by manufacturing at 34 per cent and agriculture at 21
per cent. Government is the major investor in the state with 51 per cent
of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29.9 per
cent and foreign private investors at 14.9 per cent. Tamil Nadu has a
network of about 113 industrial parks and estates offering developed
plots with supporting infrastructure. According to the publications of
the Tamil Nadu government the Gross State Domestic Product at Constant
Prices (Base year 2004–2005) for the year 2011–2012 is
₹ 428,109 crores, an increase of 9.39 per cent over the previous year. The per capita income at current price is
₹ 72,993.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a
leading producer of agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu
was India's fifth biggest producer of rice. The total cultivated area in
the State was 5.60 million hectares in 2009–10. The Cauvery delta region is known as the
Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.
[127] In terms of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables, in India. Annual food grains production in the year 2007–08 was 10035,000 mt.
Mango
and banana are the leading fruit crops in Tamil Nadu accounting for
over 87 per cent of the total fruit production. The main vegetables
grown are
tapioca, tomato, onion, brinjal (
eggplant), and
drumstick. Tamil Nadu is also a leading state in the production of flowers with the total production of
horticultural crops standing at
₹ 9947,000 during 2003–04. The main flowers grown in Tamil Nadu are
jasmine,
chrysanthemum,
marigold and
rose.
Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of turmeric
The state is the largest producer of bananas,
turmeric, flowers, tapioca, the second largest producer of
mango,
natural rubber,
coconut,
groundnut and the third largest producer of coffee,
sapota, Tea and
Sugarcane.
Tamil Nadu's sugarcane yield per hectare is the highest in India. The
state has 17,000 hectares of land under oil palm cultivation, the second
highest in India.
Agriculture forms a major portion of state's economy
Dr M.S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Indian
Green Revolution" was from Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
with its seven colleges and thirty two research stations spread over
the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and
technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies. Among
states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry
and
fisheries
production. Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst
all the states and accounted for 17.7 per cent of the total poultry
population in India.
[133] In 2003–2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 3783.6 million of
eggs, which was the second highest in India representing 9.37 per cent of the total egg production in the country.
With the third longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27.54
per cent of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by
India in 2006.
Textiles and leather
Tamil Nadu is one of the leading States in the textile sector and it
houses the country’s largest spinning industry accounting for almost 80
per cent of the total installed capacity in India. When it comes to yarn
production, the State contributes 40 per cent of the total production
in the country. There are 2,614 Hand Processing Units (25 per cent of
total units in the country) and 985 Power Processing Units (40 per cent
of total units in the country) in Tamil Nadu. According to official
data, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the
total invested capital in all the industries.
[135] Coimbatore is often referred to as the "
Manchester of
South India" due to its cotton production and textile industries.
[136] Tirupur is the country's largest exporter of knitwear.
[137] [138][139] for its cotton production. The region around Coimbatore, Tirupur,
Karur and Erode is referred to
[by whom?] as the "Textile Valley of India" with the export from the Tirupur
₹ 50,000 million ($1,000 million) and
Karur generates around
₹ 35,500 million ($750 million) a year in foreign exchange.
Gobichettipalayam,
Pollachi,
Udumalpet,
Theni and
Vedasandur are known for its cotton
spinning
mills. Gobichettipalayam is a prominent producer of white silk with the
country's first automated silk reeling unit present here.
Kanchipuram and
Arani are world famous for their pure silk sarees and hand loom silk weaving industries.
Aruppukottai,
Salem, and
Sathyamangalam are also famous for art-silk sarees.
Sankarankovil,
Andipatti,
Tiruchengodu,
Paramakudi,
Kurinjipadi,
Chennimalai are major handloom centres.
Sankarankovil, Negamam, Cinnalapatti, Woraiyur, Pochampalli are famous for its soft cotton saree weaving.
Madurai is known for its Chungidi cotton sarees and
Bhavani for its cotton carpets.
The state accounts for 70 per cent of leather tanning capacity in
India and 38 per cent of leather footwear and components. The exports
from Tamil Nadu are valued at about US $762 million, which accounts for
42 per cent of Indian leather exports. Hundreds of leather and
tannery industries are located around
Vellore,
Dindigul and
Erode its nearby towns such as
Ranipet,
Ambur,
Perundurai and
Vaniyambadi.
Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over
many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks,
tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and
heavy vehicles.
Chennai is known as the
Detroit of India.
[140] Major global automobile companies including
BMW,
Ford,
Robert Bosch,
Renault-
Nissan,
Caterpillar,
Hyundai,
Mitsubishi Motors, and
Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like
Mahindra & Mahindra,
Ashok Leyland,
Hindustan Motors,
TVS Motors,
Irizar-
TVS,
Royal Enfield,
MRF,
Apollo Tyres,
TAFE Tractors,
DaimlerChrysler AG Company also invested (
₹) 4 billion for establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu.
Karur is a hub for Bus body building industries.
Heavy industries and engineering
Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialized states in India. Over 11% of the
S&P CNX 500
conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. Many heavy
engineering and manufacturing companies are located in and around the
suburbs of
Chennai.
Bharat Heavy Electricals, one of India's largest electrical equipment manufacturing companies, has manufacturing plants at
Tiruchirapalli and
Ranipet. India's leading steel producer, the state-owned
Steel Authority of India has a steel plant in
Salem.
Sterlite Industries has a copper smelter at
Tuticorin and an aluminium plant in
Mettur. The
Chennai Petroleum Corporation is a state-owned oil and gas corporation headquartered in Chennai, and owns refineries at
Manali and
Panangudi. The state government owns the
Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers, in
Karur. Jointly with the
Tata Group, the state owns the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches, under the brand name of
Titan, at
Hosur. A number of large cement manufacturers, including the
Chettinad Group, Ramco Cements, Tancem, the
Dalmia Group, UltraTech Cements and
ACC are present across the state.
Coimbatore
is also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies two thirds of
India's requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest
exporters of
wet grinders and
auto components and the term "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been given a
Geographical indication.
[143]
Electronics and software
Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many international companies like
Nokia,
Flextronics,
Motorola,
Sony-Ericsson,
Foxconn,
Samsung,
Cisco,
Moser Baer and
Dell
having chosen Chennai as their south Asian manufacturing hub. Products
manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.
Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from
₹ 76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to
₹ 207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to
NASSCOM and to
₹ 366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to
STPI. Major national and global IT Companies such as
Syntel,
Infosys,
Wipro,
HCL,
Tata Consultancy Services,
Verizon,
Hewlett-Packard,
Amazon.com,
eBay,
Paypal,
IBM,
Accenture,
Ramco Systems,
Computer Sciences Corporation,
Cognizant Technology solutions,
Tech Mahindra,
Polaris,
Aricent,
MphasiS,
MindTree,
Hexaware Technologies
and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering
colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT
firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the HR required for
the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the State.
[146] Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai.
[147]
Others
Namakkal is also one of the major centers of
Egg production in India.
Coimbatore is one of the major centers of
jewellery and
poultry.
[148][149] Karur is also the major manufacturer of Nylon nets (HDPE) filaments.
Sivakasi
is a major centre of fireworks and safety match production and offset
printing in India with over 60 per cent of firework production in India.
Kanyakumari is famous for rubber production.
Armoured Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India (AVADI) which manufactures armored vehicles for Indian military is located about 23 km northwest of Chennai.
Integral Coach Factory in
Perambur is the largest producer of railway coaches in Asia.
Infrastructure
Transport
Road
A view of the NH 47 Expressway between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu
Pamban road (left) and rail (right) bridges, connecting the Indian mainland with the
Pamban Island
Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the
state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing
links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas.
There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance
of 5,006.14 km (3,110.67 mi).
[150][151] The state is also a terminus for the
Golden Quadrilateral project, that connects four major metropolitan cities in India (
Delhi,
Mumbai,
Chennai,
Kolkata).
The state has a total road length of 167,000 km (104,000 mi), of which
60,628 km (37,672 mi) are maintained by Highways Department. This is
nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network. The major road junctions are Chennai,
Salem
Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Karur,
Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari. Road transport is provided by
state owned
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation and
State Express Transport Corporation.
Almost every part of state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day.
The State accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country
With 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths
and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to data
provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Although Tamil
Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also
leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone
areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign.
The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in
2012 and 867 in 2013.
[153]
Rail
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of
Southern Railway. Headquartered at
Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Puducherry, a small portion of
Karnataka and a small portion of
Andhra Pradesh. Express trains connect the state capital Chennai with Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkatta.
Chennai Central is gateway for train towards north whereas
Chennai Egmore
serves as gateway for south. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track
length of 5,952 km (3,698 mi) and there are 532 railway stations in the
state. The network connects the state with most major cities in India.
The
Nilgiri Mountain Railway is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site connecting
Ooty on the hills and
Mettupalayam in the foot hills which is in turn connected to
Coimbatore city. The centenary old
Pamban Bridge over sea connecting
Rameswaram in
Pamban island
to mainland is an engineering marvel. It is one of the oldest
cantilever bridges still in operation, the double-leaf bascule bridge
section can be raised to let boats and small ships pass through Palk
Strait in Indian Ocean. Chennai has a well-established
suburban railway network and is constructing a
Chennai Metro.
Major railway junctions( 4 & above lines ) in the state are
Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem, Erode, Dindigul, Karur, Nagercoil,
Tiruchirapalli and Tirunelveli.
Chennai Central,
Chennai Egmore,
Salem Junction,
Tiruchirappalli Junction,
Madurai Junction,
Coimbatore Junction are upgraded to A1 grade level. Loco sheds are located at
Erode,
Arakkonam, Royapuram in
Chennai and Tondaiyarpet in
Chennai, Ponmalai (GOC) in
Tiruchirappalli as Diesel Loco Shed. The loco shed at
Erode is a huge composite Electric and Diesel Loco shed. MRTS which covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery
Airports
The first flight in the country was from
Mumbai to
Chennai.
Tamil Nadu has 4 international airports at Chennai, Coimbatore,
Tiruchirapalli and Madurai and a domestic terminal in Chennai called
"Kamaraj Terminal" while other two domestic airports are at Tuticorin
and Salem. Chennai's
Anna International Airport
is a major international airport that is connected with 19 countries
with more than 169 direct flights every week. This is the third largest
airport in India after
Mumbai and
Delhi and has a passenger growth of 18 per cent. Other international and customs airports present in the state are
Coimbatore International Airport,
Tiruchirapalli International Airport and
Madurai Airport.
Salem Airport and
Tuticorin Airport
are domestic airports with daily flights. Increased industrial activity
has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well as freight
movement which has been growing at over 18 per cent per year. Besides
civilian airports, Tamil Nadu also hosts four air bases for the Indian
Air Force at
Thanjavur,
Tambram,
Sulur and Madurai; and two naval air stations
INS Rajali and
INS Parundu for Indian Navy.
Seaport
Tamil Nadu has three major
seaports located at
Chennai,
Ennore and
Tuticorin, as well as seven other minor ports including
Cuddalore and
Nagapattinam.
Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast
and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers.
Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The
volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.
Energy
Wind farm in
Muppandal and Aralvaimozhi region
Tamil Nadu has the third largest established power generation capacity in the country. The
Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant,
Neyveli Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including
Mettur Dam,
hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major
sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. Tamil Nadu generates a significant
proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power
installed capacity at over 7154 MW,
[155] accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India . It is presently adding the
Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity. The total installed capacity of electricity in the State by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.
[158] Tamil Nadu ranks
first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent.
From a power surplus state in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a state
facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new
power generation projects and delay in the commercial power generation
at
Kudankulam Atomic Power Project.
The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators.
The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power
plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power
Plant. From the current 17MW installed Solar power, Tamil Nadu
government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to
3000MW by 2016.
[160]
Sports
Kabbadi, a team contact sport originated in Tamil Nadu and is recognised as the state game. The traditional sport of Tamil Nadu include
Silambam, a Tamil martial arts played with a long bamboo staff,
Cockfight,
Jallikattu, a bull taming sport famous on festival occasions,
ox-wagon racing known as Rekkala,
Kite flying also known as Pattam viduthal, Goli, the game with marbles, Aadu Puli, the "goat and tiger" game and Kabaddi also known as Sadugudu. Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like
Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas. In urban areas of Tamil Nadu, modern sports like bat and ball games are played.
The most popular game in Tamil Nadu like rest of India is
Cricket. The
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai is an international cricketing arena with a capacity of 50,000 and houses the
Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.
Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan,
Krishnamachari Srikkanth,
Laxman Sivaramakrishnan,
Laxmipathy Balaji,
Murali Vijay,
Ravichandran Ashwin[171] and
Dinesh Karthik are someprominent cricketers from Tamil Nadu. The
MRF Pace Foundation in Chennai, headed by Australian bowler
Glenn Mcgrath
is a popular fast bowling academy for pace bowlers all over the world.
Cricket contests between local clubs, franchises and teams are popular
in the state.
Chennai Super Kings represents Chennai among the eight Indian cities featuring in the
Indian Premier League, a popular
Twenty-20 cricket competition. Chennai super kings captained by
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
is the most successful Franchise with two IPL titles and two champions
league T20 title. Chennai super kings is the only team to make entry
into the finals of the prestigious Indian premier league for six times.
Tamil Nadu has a long-standing motor sports culture. The sport was pioneered by
Sundaram Karivardhan (1954–95) in its early days. Motor racing between the 1960s and 1980s was conducted at
Sholavaram, a track used as a World War II air strip. Modern motor racing events are held at the
Irungattukottai Race Track owned and operated by
Madras Motor Sports Club near
Sriperumbudur and
Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore. The only two people to represent India in
Formula 1 are both from Tamil Nadu, namely
Narain Karthikeyan, the first Indian to participate in
F1 racing, and
Karun Chandhok.
Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players including
Ramesh Krishnan,
Ramanathan Krishnan,
Vijay Amritraj and
Mahesh Bhupathi.
Nirupama Vaidyanathan, the first Indian women to play in a grandslam tournament also hails from the state. The
ATP Chennai Open tournament is held in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) owns
Nungambakkam tennis stadium which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup play-off tournaments.
Five time World Chess champion
Viswanathan Anand hails from Tamil Nadu. The state boasts a total of eight
Grand Masters and numerous International Masters. Other notable chess players from the state include
Manuel Aaron, the first Indian International Master,G.Akash, the youngest Indian to win a national tournament,
Krishnan Sasikiran, Grandmaster,
S. Vijayalakshmi, Six time Women's national champion of India and the First Women Grandmaster from India,
Aarthie Ramaswamy, Women Grandmaster and former under-18 girls' World Chess champion.
Maria Irudayam, the former World Carrom Champion and Ilavazhagi, the defending Women's World Carrom Champion are from Tamil Nadu.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of
Hockey in the state.
Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won gold medal in 1980 Olympics at Moscow. The
Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the
International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure.
The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), a government
body, is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related
infrastructure in the state.
[175] The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting events.
It also accommodates sporting events, both at domestic and
international level, organised by other sports associations at its
venues. The
YMCA
College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in
1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia. The
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting
football
and track & field events. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the
Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai
hosted India's first ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in
2008. The SDAT – TNSRA
Squash Academy in Chennai is one of the very few academies in south Asia hosting international squash events.
Snooker was invented by General Sir Frederick Roberts at the Ooty Club in
Ooty, a hill station in the state. Tamil Nadu has six 18-hole golf courses, the most popular of which are
Kodaikanal Golf Club, established in 1895,
Ooty Golf Course, established in 1896, and
Gymkhana Club, Chennai. The
Madras Boat Club, set up in 1867, hosts regular rowing races on the
Adyar River.
The Guindy race course in Chennai, set up in 1777, is the oldest horse
racing venue in India. Adventure sports have gained popularity,
especially amongst the tourists visiting the state.
Tourism
The tourism industry of Tamil Nadu is the largest in India, with an
annual growth rate of 16 per cent. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by
Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking.
[177] According to
Ministry of Tourism
statistics, 4.66 million foreign and 327.6 million domestic tourists
visited the state in 2014 making it the most visited state in India both
domestic and foreign tourists.
[178] The state boasts some of the grand
Hindu temples built in
Dravidian architecture. The
Brihadishwara Temple in
Thanjavur and
Gangaikonda Cholapuram built by the
Cholas, the Airavateswara temple in
Darasuram and the
Shore Temple, along with the collection of other monuments in
Mahabalipuram (also called Mamallapuram) have been declared as
UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple,
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam,
Tiruchirappalli is the largest functioning temple in the Tamil Nadu,
Rameshwaram whose temple walk-ways corridors are the longest 1.2 km (0.75 mi) of all Indian temples,
Chidambaram,
Thiruvannaamalai,
Kanchipuram and
Six Abodes of Murugan are amongst the important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. Other popular temples in Tamil Nadu include those in
Tiruvarur,
Kumbakonam,
Sankarankovil,
Srivilliputhur,
Tiruttani,
Namakkal,
Vellore,
Karur,
Bhavani,
Pariyur,
Bannari,
Chennai,
Coimbatore and
Kanniyakumari.
Tamil Nadu is also home to hill stations like
Udhagamandalam (Ooty),
Kodaikanal,
Yercaud,
Coonoor,
Topslip,
Valparai and
Yelagiri. The
Nilgiri hills,
Palani hills,
Shevaroy hills,
Kolli Hills and
Cardamom hills
are all abodes of thick forests and wildlife. Tamil Nadu has many
national parks, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, elephant and
bird sanctuaries, reserved forests, zoos and crocodile farms. Prominent
among them are
Mudumalai National Park,
The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve,
Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary and
Arignar Anna Zoological Park.
[181] The
mangrove forests at
Pichavaram are also eco-tourism spots of importance. The prominent waterfalls in the state are
Courtallam,
Hogenakkal, Papanasam, Manimuthar, Thirparappu,
Pykara
and Silver Cascade. The Chettinad region of the state is renowned for
its palatial houses and cuisine. With cheap and quality tertiary medical
care available in Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Vellore, Tamil Nadu
has the largest numbers in
medical tourism in India.
Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, is famous for its beautiful sunrise,
Vivekananda Rock Memorial and
Thiruvalluvar's statue built off the coastline.
Marina Beach
in Chennai is one of the longest beaches in the world. The stretch of
beaches from Chennai to Mahabalipuram are home to many resorts, theme
parks and eateries.
